Composable Applications: Micro-Frontends & BFF Patterns with React & Go 2025

Composable Applications: Designing Micro-Frontends and Backend-for-Frontends (BFF) with React & Go

In 2025, enterprise applications are evolving from monolithic architectures to composable systems that enable independent teams to ship features faster while maintaining cohesive user experiences. This comprehensive guide explores the powerful combination of micro-frontends for frontend composition and Backend-for-Frontends (BFF) patterns for optimized API orchestration. We'll dive deep into building scalable, team-oriented applications using React for the frontend and Go for high-performance BFF services. You'll learn advanced patterns for federated routing, shared state management, cross-team communication, and deployment strategies that enable organizations to scale development across multiple autonomous teams while delivering unified digital experiences.

🚀 Why Composable Architecture is Dominating Enterprise Development in 2025

The shift to composable applications addresses critical challenges in modern software development:

• Team Autonomy: Independent teams can develop, test, and deploy features without coordination overhead
• Technology Diversity: Different parts of the application can use optimal technology stacks
• Scalable Development: Organizations can scale engineering teams without creating bottlenecks
• Incremental Upgrades: Modernize applications piece by piece without complete rewrites
• Resilient Systems: Isolated failures don't bring down entire applications

🔧 Core Components of Composable Applications

Building successful composable applications requires these key architectural elements:

• Micro-Frontend Shell: Main application container that orchestrates feature modules
• Federated Modules: Independently deployed React applications with shared dependencies
• BFF Services: Go-based backend services optimized for specific frontend needs
• Shared Design System: Consistent UI components and design tokens across teams
• API Gateway: Unified entry point for backend service communication
• Event Bus: Cross-application communication and state synchronization

If you're new to microservices concepts, check out our guide on Microservices Architecture Patterns to build your foundational knowledge.

💻 Building Micro-Frontends with Module Federation and React

Let's implement a sophisticated micro-frontend architecture using Webpack Module Federation and modern React patterns.

/**
 * Micro-Frontend Shell Application
 * Main container that orchestrates federated modules
 */

import React, { Suspense, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Routes, Route, Navigate } from 'react-router-dom';
import { createGlobalState } from 'react-hooks-global-state';
import { ErrorBoundary } from 'react-error-boundary';

// Global state management for cross-microfrontend communication
const { useGlobalState, setGlobalState } = createGlobalState({
  user: null,
  theme: 'light',
  notifications: [],
  cart: [],
  featureFlags: {}
});

// Federated module configuration
const federatedModules = {
  auth: {
    url: process.env.REACT_APP_AUTH_MF_URL,
    scope: 'auth',
    module: './AuthApp'
  },
  dashboard: {
    url: process.env.REACT_APP_DASHBOARD_MF_URL,
    scope: 'dashboard',
    module: './DashboardApp'
  },
  products: {
    url: process.env.REACT_APP_PRODUCTS_MF_URL,
    scope: 'products',
    module: './ProductsApp'
  },
  orders: {
    url: process.env.REACT_APP_ORDERS_MF_URL,
    scope: 'orders',
    module: './OrdersApp'
  }
};

// Dynamic module loader with error handling and retry logic
const createFederatedModuleLoader = (moduleConfig) => {
  return async () => {
    try {
      // Initialize the shared scope with current and shared modules
      await __webpack_init_sharing__('default');
      
      const container = window[moduleConfig.scope];
      
      // Initialize the container if it hasn't been initialized
      await container.init(__webpack_share_scopes__.default);
      
      const factory = await window[moduleConfig.scope].get(moduleConfig.module);
      const Module = factory();
      return Module;
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(`Failed to load module ${moduleConfig.scope}`, error);
      throw error;
    }
  };
};

// Lazy-loaded federated components
const AuthApp = React.lazy(createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.auth));
const DashboardApp = React.lazy(createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.dashboard));
const ProductsApp = React.lazy(createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.products));
const OrdersApp = React.lazy(createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.orders));

// Shell Application Component
const AppShell = () => {
  const [user] = useGlobalState('user');
  const [theme] = useGlobalState('theme');
  const [notifications] = useGlobalState('notifications');
  const [modulesLoaded, setModulesLoaded] = useState({});

  useEffect(() => {
    // Preload critical modules
    preloadCriticalModules();
    initializeAppShell();
  }, []);

  const preloadCriticalModules = async () => {
    try {
      await Promise.all([
        createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.auth)(),
        createFederatedModuleLoader(federatedModules.dashboard)()
      ]);
      setModulesLoaded(prev => ({ ...prev, auth: true, dashboard: true }));
    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Failed to preload critical modules', error);
    }
  };

  const initializeAppShell = () => {
    // Initialize cross-cutting concerns
    initializeAnalytics();
    initializeErrorTracking();
    initializePerformanceMonitoring();
  };

  const ErrorFallback = ({ error, resetErrorBoundary }) => (
    <div className="error-fallback">
      <h2>Something went wrong</h2>
      <details>
        <summary>Error Details</summary>
        <pre>{error.message}</pre>
      </details>
      <button onClick={resetErrorBoundary}>Try again</button>
    </div>
  );

  return (
    <Router>
      <div className={`app-shell ${theme}`}>
        {/* Global Navigation */}
        <header className="app-header">
          <nav className="global-nav">
            <div className="nav-brand">MyComposableApp</div>
            <div className="nav-links">
              <a href="/dashboard">Dashboard</a>
              <a href="/products">Products</a>
              <a href="/orders">Orders</a>
            </div>
            <div className="nav-actions">
              <NotificationBell count={notifications.length} />
              <UserProfile user={user} />
            </div>
          </nav>
        </header>

        {/* Main Content Area */}
        <main className="app-main">
          <ErrorBoundary
            FallbackComponent={ErrorFallback}
            onReset={() => window.location.reload()}
          >
            <Suspense fallback={<LoadingSpinner />}>
              <Routes>
                <Route path="/" element={<Navigate to="/dashboard" replace />} />
                
                <Route 
                  path="/auth/*" 
                  element={
                    <MicroFrontendContainer>
                      <AuthApp 
                        onLogin={(userData) => setGlobalState('user', userData)}
                        onLogout={() => setGlobalState('user', null)}
                      />
                    </MicroFrontendContainer>
                  } 
                />
                
                <Route 
                  path="/dashboard/*" 
                  element={
                    <ProtectedRoute user={user}>
                      <MicroFrontendContainer>
                        <DashboardApp 
                          user={user}
                          onDataUpdate={(data) => handleDashboardUpdate(data)}
                        />
                      </MicroFrontendContainer>
                    </ProtectedRoute>
                  } 
                />
                
                <Route 
                  path="/products/*" 
                  element={
                    <ProtectedRoute user={user}>
                      <MicroFrontendContainer>
                        <ProductsApp 
                          user={user}
                          onAddToCart={(product) => handleAddToCart(product)}
                        />
                      </MicroFrontendContainer>
                    </ProtectedRoute>
                  } 
                />
                
                <Route 
                  path="/orders/*" 
                  element={
                    <ProtectedRoute user={user}>
                      <MicroFrontendContainer>
                        <OrdersApp 
                          user={user}
                          onOrderUpdate={(order) => handleOrderUpdate(order)}
                        />
                      </MicroFrontendContainer>
                    </ProtectedRoute>
                  } 
                />
                
                <Route path="*" element={<NotFound />} />
              </Routes>
            </Suspense>
          </ErrorBoundary>
        </main>

        {/* Global Footer */}
        <footer className="app-footer">
          <div className="footer-content">
            <span>&copy; 2025 MyComposableApp. All rights reserved.</span>
            <div className="footer-links">
              <a href="/privacy">Privacy</a>
              <a href="/terms">Terms</a>
              <a href="/support">Support</a>
            </div>
          </div>
        </footer>
      </div>
    </Router>
  );
};

// Supporting Components
const MicroFrontendContainer = ({ children, ...props }) => (
  <div className="microfrontend-container" data-testid="microfrontend-container">
    <ErrorBoundary 
      FallbackComponent={MicroFrontendErrorFallback}
      onReset={() => window.location.reload()}
    >
      <Suspense fallback={<ModuleLoadingSpinner />}>
        {React.cloneElement(children, props)}
      </Suspense>
    </ErrorBoundary>
  </div>
);

const ProtectedRoute = ({ user, children }) => {
  if (!user) {
    return <Navigate to="/auth/login" replace />;
  }
  return children;
};

const LoadingSpinner = () => (
  <div className="loading-spinner">
    <div className="spinner"></div>
    <p>Loading application...</p>
  </div>
);

const ModuleLoadingSpinner = () => (
  <div className="module-loading">
    <div className="spinner small"></div>
    <p>Loading module...</p>
  </div>
);

const MicroFrontendErrorFallback = ({ error }) => (
  <div className="microfrontend-error">
    <h3>Module temporarily unavailable</h3>
    <p>We're experiencing issues loading this section of the application.</p>
    <button onClick={() => window.location.reload()}>Retry</button>
  </div>
);

// Event handlers for cross-microfrontend communication
const handleAddToCart = (product) => {
  setGlobalState('cart', prev => [...prev, product]);
  // Emit cross-microfrontend event
  window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('cart:itemAdded', { 
    detail: { product, timestamp: Date.now() } 
  }));
};

const handleDashboardUpdate = (data) => {
  // Update global state based on dashboard events
  if (data.userPreferences) {
    setGlobalState('theme', data.userPreferences.theme);
  }
};

const handleOrderUpdate = (order) => {
  // Notify other microfrontends about order updates
  window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent('orders:updated', { 
    detail: { order, timestamp: Date.now() } 
  }));
};

// Utility functions
const initializeAnalytics = () => {
  // Initialize analytics tracking
  console.log('Analytics initialized');
};

const initializeErrorTracking = () => {
  // Initialize error tracking service
  console.log('Error tracking initialized');
};

const initializePerformanceMonitoring = () => {
  // Initialize performance monitoring
  console.log('Performance monitoring initialized');
};

export default AppShell;

  

🔄 Building High-Performance BFF Services with Go

Implement scalable Backend-for-Frontend services in Go that optimize data fetching and API orchestration.

/**
 * High-Performance BFF Service in Go
 * Optimized for micro-frontend data needs with advanced patterns
 */

package main

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"time"
	"sync"

	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)

// BFFService represents the main backend-for-frontend service
type BFFService struct {
	router         *gin.Engine
	httpClient     *http.Client
	cache          Cache
	circuitBreaker *CircuitBreaker
	services       *ServiceRegistry
}

// ServiceRegistry manages downstream service configurations
type ServiceRegistry struct {
	userServiceURL    string
	productServiceURL string
	orderServiceURL   string
	inventoryServiceURL string
}

// Cache interface for different caching strategies
type Cache interface {
	Get(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]byte, error)
	Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value []byte, ttl time.Duration) error
	Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error
}

// CircuitBreaker for resilient service communication
type CircuitBreaker struct {
	failures     int
	maxFailures  int
	resetTimeout time.Duration
	lastFailure  time.Time
	mutex        sync.RWMutex
}

// NewBFFService creates a new BFF service instance
func NewBFFService() *BFFService {
	service := &BFFService{
		router: gin.Default(),
		httpClient: &http.Client{
			Timeout: 10 * time.Second,
			Transport: &http.Transport{
				MaxIdleConns:        100,
				MaxIdleConnsPerHost: 20,
				IdleConnTimeout:     90 * time.Second,
			},
		},
		circuitBreaker: &CircuitBreaker{
			maxFailures:  5,
			resetTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
		},
		services: &ServiceRegistry{
			userServiceURL:     os.Getenv("USER_SERVICE_URL"),
			productServiceURL:  os.Getenv("PRODUCT_SERVICE_URL"),
			orderServiceURL:    os.Getenv("ORDER_SERVICE_URL"),
			inventoryServiceURL: os.Getenv("INVENTORY_SERVICE_URL"),
		},
	}

	// Initialize cache (Redis, in-memory, etc.)
	service.cache = NewRedisCache()

	// Setup middleware
	service.setupMiddleware()

	// Setup routes
	service.setupRoutes()

	return service
}

// setupMiddleware configures global middleware
func (s *BFFService) setupMiddleware() {
	s.router.Use(s.correlationMiddleware())
	s.router.Use(s.loggingMiddleware())
	s.router.Use(s.corsMiddleware())
	s.router.Use(s.rateLimitMiddleware())
	s.router.Use(s.circuitBreakerMiddleware())
}

// setupRoutes configures all BFF endpoints
func (s *BFFService) setupRoutes() {
	// Dashboard aggregation endpoint
	s.router.GET("/api/dashboard", s.getDashboardData)

	// Product catalog with inventory
	s.router.GET("/api/products", s.getProductsWithInventory)

	// User profile with recent orders
	s.router.GET("/api/user/:id/profile", s.getUserProfile)

	// Order creation with validation
	s.router.POST("/api/orders", s.createOrder)

	// Health check endpoint
	s.router.GET("/health", s.healthCheck)
}

// getDashboardData aggregates data from multiple services for the dashboard
func (s *BFFService) getDashboardData(c *gin.Context) {
	userID := c.GetString("userID")
	ctx := c.Request.Context()

	// Use errgroup for concurrent service calls
	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

	var (
		userData     *UserData
		recentOrders []Order
		productStats *ProductStats
		notifications []Notification
	)

	// Fetch user data
	g.Go(func() error {
		data, err := s.fetchUserData(ctx, userID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch user data: %w", err)
		}
		userData = data
		return nil
	})

	// Fetch recent orders
	g.Go(func() error {
		orders, err := s.fetchRecentOrders(ctx, userID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch orders: %w", err)
		}
		recentOrders = orders
		return nil
	})

	// Fetch product statistics
	g.Go(func() error {
		stats, err := s.fetchProductStats(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch product stats: %w", err)
		}
		productStats = stats
		return nil
	})

	// Fetch notifications
	g.Go(func() error {
		notifs, err := s.fetchNotifications(ctx, userID)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch notifications: %w", err)
		}
		notifications = notifs
		return nil
	})

	// Wait for all goroutines to complete
	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
			"error":   "Failed to fetch dashboard data",
			"details": err.Error(),
		})
		return
	}

	// Transform and aggregate data for frontend
	dashboardData := gin.H{
		"user":         userData,
		"recentOrders": recentOrders,
		"productStats": productStats,
		"notifications": notifications,
		"summary": s.generateDashboardSummary(userData, recentOrders, productStats),
		"lastUpdated": time.Now().UTC(),
	}

	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, dashboardData)
}

// getProductsWithInventory returns products with real-time inventory data
func (s *BFFService) getProductsWithInventory(c *gin.Context) {
	ctx := c.Request.Context()
	
	// Try cache first
	cacheKey := "products:with-inventory"
	if cached, err := s.cache.Get(ctx, cacheKey); err == nil {
		var products []Product
		if err := json.Unmarshal(cached, &products); err == nil {
			c.JSON(http.StatusOK, products)
			return
		}
	}

	// Fetch products and inventory concurrently
	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)

	var products []Product
	var inventory map[string]int

	g.Go(func() error {
		p, err := s.fetchProducts(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		products = p
		return nil
	})

	g.Go(func() error {
		inv, err := s.fetchInventory(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		inventory = inv
		return nil
	})

	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
			"error": "Failed to fetch product data",
		})
		return
	}

	// Enrich products with inventory data
	enrichedProducts := s.enrichProductsWithInventory(products, inventory)

	// Cache the result
	if data, err := json.Marshal(enrichedProducts); err == nil {
		s.cache.Set(ctx, cacheKey, data, 5*time.Minute) // Cache for 5 minutes
	}

	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, enrichedProducts)
}

// createOrder handles order creation with validation and orchestration
func (s *BFFService) createOrder(c *gin.Context) {
	var orderRequest OrderRequest
	if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&orderRequest); err != nil {
		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{
			"error": "Invalid request format",
		})
		return
	}

	ctx := c.Request.Context()
	userID := c.GetString("userID")

	// Validate order
	if err := s.validateOrder(ctx, orderRequest, userID); err != nil {
		c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{
			"error": err.Error(),
		})
		return
	}

	// Process order creation
	order, err := s.processOrderCreation(ctx, orderRequest, userID)
	if err != nil {
		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{
			"error": "Failed to create order",
		})
		return
	}

	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, order)
}

// Service communication methods
func (s *BFFService) fetchUserData(ctx context.Context, userID string) (*UserData, error) {
	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/users/%s", s.services.userServiceURL, userID)
	
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", url, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	resp, err := s.httpClient.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("user service returned status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
	}

	var userData UserData
	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&userData); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return &userData, nil
}

func (s *BFFService) fetchRecentOrders(ctx context.Context, userID string) ([]Order, error) {
	url := fmt.Sprintf("%s/orders?user_id=%s&limit=5", s.services.orderServiceURL, userID)
	
	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, "GET", url, nil)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	resp, err := s.httpClient.Do(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer resp.Body.Close()

	if resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("order service returned status: %d", resp.StatusCode)
	}

	var orders []Order
	if err := json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&orders); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return orders, nil
}

// Data transformation methods
func (s *BFFService) enrichProductsWithInventory(products []Product, inventory map[string]int) []Product {
	enriched := make([]Product, len(products))
	for i, product := range products {
		enriched[i] = product
		if stock, exists := inventory[product.ID]; exists {
			enriched[i].Inventory = stock
			enriched[i].InStock = stock > 0
		}
	}
	return enriched
}

func (s *BFFService) generateDashboardSummary(userData *UserData, orders []Order, stats *ProductStats) DashboardSummary {
	totalSpent := 0.0
	for _, order := range orders {
		totalSpent += order.Total
	}

	return DashboardSummary{
		TotalOrders:    len(orders),
		TotalSpent:     totalSpent,
		FavoriteCategory: s.calculateFavoriteCategory(orders),
		MemberSince:    userData.CreatedAt,
	}
}

// Middleware implementations
func (s *BFFService) correlationMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
	return func(c *gin.Context) {
		correlationID := c.GetHeader("X-Correlation-ID")
		if correlationID == "" {
			correlationID = generateCorrelationID()
		}
		c.Set("correlationID", correlationID)
		c.Header("X-Correlation-ID", correlationID)
		c.Next()
	}
}

func (s *BFFService) circuitBreakerMiddleware() gin.HandlerFunc {
	return func(c *gin.Context) {
		if s.circuitBreaker.IsOpen() {
			c.JSON(http.StatusServiceUnavailable, gin.H{
				"error": "Service temporarily unavailable",
			})
			c.Abort()
			return
		}
		c.Next()
	}
}

// Start the BFF service
func (s *BFFService) Start(port string) error {
	log.Printf("Starting BFF service on port %s", port)
	return s.router.Run(":" + port)
}

// Data structures
type UserData struct {
	ID        string    `json:"id"`
	Name      string    `json:"name"`
	Email     string    `json:"email"`
	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
	Preferences UserPreferences `json:"preferences"`
}

type Order struct {
	ID     string  `json:"id"`
	Total  float64 `json:"total"`
	Status string  `json:"status"`
	Items  []OrderItem `json:"items"`
}

type Product struct {
	ID       string `json:"id"`
	Name     string `json:"name"`
	Price    float64 `json:"price"`
	Inventory int    `json:"inventory"`
	InStock  bool   `json:"in_stock"`
}

type DashboardSummary struct {
	TotalOrders      int       `json:"total_orders"`
	TotalSpent       float64   `json:"total_spent"`
	FavoriteCategory string    `json:"favorite_category"`
	MemberSince      time.Time `json:"member_since"`
}

// Utility functions
func generateCorrelationID() string {
	return fmt.Sprintf("corr-%d-%s", time.Now().UnixNano(), randomString(8))
}

func randomString(length int) string {
	// Implementation for random string generation
	return "random"
}

func main() {
	service := NewBFFService()
	if err := service.Start("8080"); err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}
}

  

⚡ Advanced Patterns for Composable Applications

Implement these sophisticated patterns to maximize the benefits of composable architecture:

1. Federated Routing: Dynamic route discovery and registration across micro-frontends
2. Shared State Management: Cross-application state synchronization with conflict resolution
3. Progressive Enhancement: Graceful degradation when modules fail to load
4. Cross-Team Communication: Event-driven architecture for inter-module communication
5. Performance Optimization: Lazy loading, code splitting, and intelligent preloading

For more on state management patterns, see our guide on Advanced State Management in React.

🔧 Development and Deployment Strategies

Successfully managing composable applications requires specialized development workflows:

• Independent Deployment: Each team can deploy their micro-frontend independently
• Version Management: Semantic versioning and compatibility guarantees between modules
• Testing Strategies: Contract testing, integration testing, and end-to-end testing
• CI/CD Pipelines: Automated testing, building, and deployment for each module
• Feature Flags: Gradual rollouts and quick rollbacks for individual features

🔐 Security Considerations for Composable Architecture

Secure your composable applications with these critical security practices:

• Module Authentication: Verify the integrity and source of federated modules
• API Security: Proper authentication and authorization for BFF services
• Data Isolation: Ensure modules can only access their designated data
• Content Security Policy: Prevent XSS attacks in dynamic module loading
• Dependency Scanning: Regular security audits of all module dependencies

💡 AI Quick Tip

Implement "predictive preloading" for micro-frontends by analyzing user behavior patterns. Use machine learning to predict which modules users are likely to visit next and preload them in the background. Combine this with strategic code splitting to ensure critical paths load instantly while non-essential features are loaded on-demand. This approach can reduce perceived latency by 40-60% while maintaining the benefits of composable architecture.

📊 Monitoring and Observability

Comprehensive monitoring is essential for maintaining composable applications:

• Performance Metrics: Track load times, bundle sizes, and runtime performance per module
• Error Tracking: Isolate errors to specific micro-frontends and BFF services
• User Experience: Monitor real user metrics across different module combinations
• Business Metrics: Track feature adoption and user engagement per module
• Dependency Graph: Visualize relationships and dependencies between modules

🔮 Future of Composable Applications in 2025 and Beyond

The composable architecture landscape is evolving with these emerging trends:

• AI-Powered Composition: Intelligent module orchestration based on user context and behavior
• Edge-Deployed Micro-Frontends: Deploying modules to CDN edge locations for ultra-low latency
• WebAssembly Integration: Using WASM for performance-critical modules across different languages
• Federated Machine Learning: Distributed ML model training across organizational boundaries
• Blockchain for Module Registry: Immutable, decentralized module registration and verification

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

How do we handle shared dependencies and avoid version conflicts in micro-frontends?

Use Webpack Module Federation's shared dependency management to specify which versions of common libraries (React, React DOM, etc.) should be shared. Implement a dependency governance process where teams agree on major version upgrades. Use semantic versioning and contract testing to ensure compatibility. For critical dependencies, consider using a shared library managed by a platform team that provides backward-compatible APIs.

What's the performance impact of micro-frontends compared to monolithic applications?

Well-architected micro-frontends can actually improve performance through strategic code splitting and lazy loading. However, poor implementation can lead to duplicate dependencies and larger bundle sizes. Key optimizations include: shared dependency management, intelligent preloading, code splitting at route level, and using HTTP/2 for parallel module loading. Performance monitoring should track Core Web Vitals for each micro-frontend independently.

How do we ensure consistent user experience and design across independently developed micro-frontends?

Implement a design system with shared component libraries, design tokens, and style guides. Use tools like Storybook for component documentation and testing. Establish UI review processes and automated visual regression testing. Create shared utility packages for common UI patterns. Consider having a dedicated design system team that maintains consistency while allowing teams to innovate within established boundaries.

What are the organizational changes needed to successfully adopt composable architecture?

Adopting composable architecture requires shifting from feature teams to product-aligned autonomous teams. Establish clear ownership boundaries and API contracts between teams. Implement inner-source practices for shared components. Create platform teams to maintain tooling and infrastructure. Foster a culture of collaboration with regular cross-team syncs and shared learning sessions. Start with a pilot project to refine processes before organization-wide adoption.

How do we handle data fetching and state management across multiple micro-frontends?

Use Backend-for-Frontend (BFF) patterns to aggregate data from multiple services. Implement cross-microfrontend state management using patterns like global event bus, shared state containers, or URL-based state. For complex state synchronization, consider using state machines or reactive programming patterns. Establish clear data ownership boundaries and implement proper caching strategies to optimize performance.

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